![]() Mitosis – normal cell division in which daughter cells are identical to the parent cells. Meiosis is responsible for producing the different combinations of gametes a parent is capable of producing. Meiosis – Cell division in which gametes are formed from stem cells within the ovaries or testis. “Heterozygous” refers to the alleles for a given trait (the genotype) within the zygote being the different. Therefore, “homozygous” refers to the alleles for a given trait (the genotype) within the zygote being the same. Zygous refers to the zygote (a fertilized egg where the sperm’s and egg’s contributions for a trait are the same). Phenotype – The trait that is expressed for a given trait. Genotype – The genetic code (the combination of alleles) for a given trait. For example…such as “coat color.” Within our example "coat color" would be the trait, while red, black, white, etc would be the allele possibilities of this trait.Īllele – the alternative forms of a trait. The alternate forms of a trait are referred to as alleles. Many people get trait mistaken with loci. Trait – in this report, this term will distinguish a characteristic that may be passed from parent to offspring. Polygenic trait - a trait that is influenced by more than one loci. ![]() ![]() Monogenic trait - a trait that is controlled by a single loci. Loci – the location of a trait within the genome is referred to as a trait’s loci. There are tens of thousands (20,000-30,000+) of loci within a genome. Genome – The entire genetic code of an organism’s DNA. Basically these are 4 nucleotides (ATGC) that make up the alleles and genetic codes within the genome (the instructions) of an organism.Ĭhromosome – a thread like structure that is formed in mitosis and meiosis that contains the DNA. This includes the genetic information from the egg and sperm combined into one cell.ĭNA – deoxyribonucleic acid. Gamete – a sex cell (sperm in males and eggs in females) Genetic heredity is based on genetics from the inheritance of alleles. Heredity – the passing of traits (characteristics) from parent to offspring.My purpose for writing this report is to enable breeders that wish to learn the fundamentals of genetics to do so…therefore, enabling them with their decision making of when to use the different types of breeding approaches (out-crossing, line-breeding, or inbreeding) within their breeding program.īefore we begin discussing how gamete formation and recombination occurs, lets go over a few terms… ![]() This is why inbreeding is illegal among human populations. Unfortunately, many breeders fix genetics disorders within a gene pool or line as a result of inappropriately using these tactics due to a lack of understanding of the basics of genetics. Line breeding and inbreeding has its place within a breeding program when used properly. The desire for consistency has lead to a large number of breeders to use line breeding and inbreeding, but those that don’t understand what is going on at a genetic level should not use such breeding methods. A common goal in developing lines or “breeds” of dogs is consistency. This report is just meant to provide a simple understanding of the fundamentals of genetics and should not be used exclusively to determine breeding pairs however, understanding these fundamentals should help enable one to obtain their breeding goals. This report will largely be based on the fundamentals of gamete formation and recombination. It is not speculation, but is based upon years of research from actual experiments and thousands of tests from both within the lab and within the field. What will be discussed here has long been accepted as factual and fundamental…and has been developed by the study of genetics in scientifically controlled breeding populations. As I have become more involved with “breeders” in the canine world I have come to realize there is a substantial need for knowledge on the fundamentals of genetics and heredity. ![]()
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